暨南学报(哲学社会科学版)

作者：张丽

单位：中国社会科学院近代史研究所研究员。

关键词：华人移民,排华法案,“阿富汗”号事件,“白澳”政策

基金：中国社会科学院创新工程重大项目《新西兰华侨华人史研究》。

19世纪中叶华人以淘金热为契机进入英国殖民地澳洲、新西兰以后,当地相继出台排华法案,对华人移民施加程度不同的限制。1887年,清政府首度就澳、新地区的排华立法向英政府提出交涉,恰在此时,发生了澳洲阻止华人移民登岸并将大部分乘客遣回香港的“阿富汗”号事件。由于中外条约的不对等性质以及中美之间草签了禁止华工入美的条约,中方在交涉中处于绝对劣势地位,清政府就“阿富汗”号事件本身以及排华立法的多次抗议毫无效果,反倒是澳、新各殖民地趁势果断决策,同时推进英国对华条约谈判与本地立法,以阻止华人向澳、新移民,且此一决策得到了英国政府的支持。中英缔约谈判失败后,澳洲和新西兰在“白澳”、“白新”的国策下迅速颁行更为严苛的华人移民限制法案。1909年中国政府向澳、新派驻外交代表以后,再度提出交涉,试图谋求放宽某些重点人群的入境限制,基本上未能如愿。晚清时期中方就澳、新排华立法的连番交涉及其失败,充分反映出中国国运沉沦年代中外关系的实质。"/>template{display:none;}.mag-rich-xref-fn { cursor: pointer;}//长视频$(document).ready(function(){if($("#showLongArticleVideo") && $("#showLongArticleVideo").length && $("#showLongArticleVideo").length>0){mag_ajax_update({ele_id:'showLongArticleVideo',url:mag_currentQikanUrl() + "/CN/article/showLongArticleVideo.do?id="+$("#articleId").val()});}});$(document).ready(function(){window.metaData = {"journal":{"issn":"1000-5072","qiKanMingCheng_CN":"暨南学报（哲学社会科学版）","id":2,"qiKanMingCheng_EN":"Jinan Journal"},"fundList_cn":["中国社会科学院创新工程重大项目《新西兰华侨华人史研究》。"],"article":{"keywordList_cn":["“阿富汗”号事件","“白澳”政策","华人移民","排华法案"],"juan":"43","zhaiyao_cn":"19世纪中叶华人以淘金热为契机进入英国殖民地澳洲、新西兰以后,当地相继出台排华法案,对华人移民施加程度不同的限制。1887年,清政府首度就澳、新地区的排华立法向英政府提出交涉,恰在此时,发生了澳洲阻止华人移民登岸并将大部分乘客遣回香港的“阿富汗”号事件。由于中外条约的不对等性质以及中美之间草签了禁止华工入美的条约,中方在交涉中处于绝对劣势地位,清政府就“阿富汗”号事件本身以及排华立法的多次抗议毫无效果,反倒是澳、新各殖民地趁势果断决策,同时推进英国对华条约谈判与本地立法,以阻止华人向澳、新移民,且此一决策得到了英国政府的支持。中英缔约谈判失败后,澳洲和新西兰在“白澳”、“白新”的国策下迅速颁行更为严苛的华人移民限制法案。1909年中国政府向澳、新派驻外交代表以后,再度提出交涉,试图谋求放宽某些重点人群的入境限制,基本上未能如愿。晚清时期中方就澳、新排华立法的连番交涉及其失败,充分反映出中国国运沉沦年代中外关系的实质。","endNoteUrl_en":"https://jnxb.jnu.edu.cn/skb/EN/article/getTxtFile.do?fileType=EndNote&id=6486","bibtexUrl_cn":"https://jnxb.jnu.edu.cn/skb/CN/article/getTxtFile.do?fileType=BibTeX&id=6486","abstractUrl_en":"https://jnxb.jnu.edu.cn/skb/EN/Y2021/V43/I5/1","qi":"5","id":6486,"nian":2021,"bianHao":"2021-5-1","zuoZheEn_L":"ZHANG Li","juanUrl_en":"https://jnxb.jnu.edu.cn/skb/EN/Y2021","shouCiFaBuRiQi":"2021-10-20","qiShiYe":"1","qiUrl_cn":"https://jnxb.jnu.edu.cn/skb/CN/Y2021/V43/I5","lanMu_cn":"中外关系史研究","pdfSize":"740","zuoZhe_CN":"张丽","risUrl_cn":"https://jnxb.jnu.edu.cn/skb/CN/article/getTxtFile.do?fileType=Ris&id=6486","title_cn":"晚清时期有关澳洲、新西兰排华立法的中外交涉","jieShuYe":"13","keywordList_en":["“Afghan” incident","Chinese exclusion legislations","Chinese immigrants","policy of “White Australia”"],"endNoteUrl_cn":"https://jnxb.jnu.edu.cn/skb/CN/article/getTxtFile.do?fileType=EndNote&id=6486","zhaiyao_en":"In the middle of the 19th century, the Chinese took the opportunity of gold rush to enter the British colonies of Australia and New Zealand. Since then, the local authorities introduced Chinese exclusion legislations one after another, imposing restrictions of varying degrees on Chinese immigrants. In 1887, the Qing government made its first representations to the British government on the Chinese exclusion legislations in Australia and New Zealand. Just then, there occurred the “Afghan” Incident in which Australia prevented Chinese immigrants from landing and sent most passengers back to Hong Kong. Because of the unequal nature of the Sino-foreign treaties, and because China and the US initialed a treaty of prohibiting Chinese workers from entering the US, China was at an absolute disadvantage in the negotiations. The Qing government's repeated protests over the “Afghan” Incident itself and the Chinese exclusion legislations were ineffective. Instead, the Australian and New Zealand colonies took advantage of the situation to make resolute decisions, and at the same time pushed forward the treaty negotiations between Britain and China and local legislative processes, to prevent Chinese from immigrating to Australia and New Zealand. And the decisions were supported by the British government. After the failure of the Sino-British negotiations, Australia and New Zealand quickly enacted more stringent Chinese immigration restriction legislations under the national policies of “White Australia” and “White New Zealand”. In 1909, the Chinese government sent diplomatic representatives to Australia and New Zealand and renewed representations, trying to relax the entry restrictions of some key groups, but on the whole failed. In the late Qing period, China's successive negotiations on the Chinese exclusion legislations of Australia and New Zealand and their failures fully reflected the essence of the Sino-foreign relations in the era of the decline of China's national fortune.","bibtexUrl_en":"https://jnxb.jnu.edu.cn/skb/EN/article/getTxtFile.do?fileType=BibTeX&id=6486","abstractUrl_cn":"https://jnxb.jnu.edu.cn/skb/CN/Y2021/V43/I5/1","zuoZheCn_L":"张丽","juanUrl_cn":"https://jnxb.jnu.edu.cn/skb/CN/Y2021","lanMu_en":"","qiUrl_en":"https://jnxb.jnu.edu.cn/skb/EN/Y2021/V43/I5","zuoZhe_EN":"ZHANG Li","risUrl_en":"https://jnxb.jnu.edu.cn/skb/EN/article/getTxtFile.do?fileType=Ris&id=6486","title_en":"The Negotiations between China and Foreign Countries on the Chinese Exclusion Legislations in Australia and New Zealand during the Late Qing Period","hasPdf":"true"},"authorNotes_cn":["张丽,中国社会科学院近代史研究所研究员。"]};if(window.metaData && (!window.metaData.authorNotesCommon_cn && !window.metaData.authorNotesCorresp_cn && window.metaData.authorNotes_cn)){window.metaData.authorNotesCommon_cn = window.metaData.authorNotes_cn;}if(window.metaData && (!window.metaData.authorNotesCommon_en && !window.metaData.authorNotesCorresp_en && window.metaData.authorNotes_en)){window.metaData.authorNotesCommon_en = window.metaData.authorNotes_en;}var _nlmdtdXml = $("#article_nlmdtdXml").val();var magDir = _nlmdtdXml.replace(/\/[^\/]+$/,'');window.metaData.magDir = magDir;new mag_vue({ el: '#metaVue', //dataUrl: mag_currentQikanUrl() + '/EN/article/getRichHtmlJson.do?articleId='+$("#articleId").val(), data:window.metaData, loading:true, doTextFun:function(text){ return doDataJsonText(text); }, doAfterFun:function(selector,jsonData){doMagVueAfter(selector,jsonData);}});var pars = {attachType:'PDF',id:$("#articleId").val(),json:true};jQuery.post($("#mag-common-contextPath").val()+"/CN/article/showArticleFile.do?" + new Date().getTime(), pars, function(data){var json=null;if(data.match(/^\[json\].*/g)){json=eval("("+data.replace(/^\[json\]/g,"")+")");}if(json && json.status == 1){//有权限}else{//无权限$("#no-access-div").show();}});mag_ajax({url:mag_currentQikanUrl() + '/CN/article/getRichHtmlJson.do',data:{articleId:$("#articleId").val(),token:'17d6191b3be94c439a79ffcb90fcf8dc',referer:document.referrer},dataType:"json",async:"false",success:function(json){if(json.richHtmlJson && json.richHtmlJson.article){if(json.trans){var _nlmdtdXmlCN = $("#article_nlmdtdXmlCN").val();var magDirCN = _nlmdtdXmlCN.replace(/\/[^\/]+$/,'');json.richHtmlJson.magDir=magDirCN;}else{json.richHtmlJson.magDir=magDir;}new mag_vue({ el: '#bodyVue', data:json.richHtmlJson, doTextFun:function(text){ return doDataJsonText(text); }, doAfterFun:function(selector,jsonData){doMagVueAfter(selector,jsonData);}});}}});//altmetricif($.trim($("#article_doi").val())!=''){$.ajax({url:'https://api.altmetric.com/v1/doi/'+$.trim($("#article_doi").val())+'?callback=altmetric_callback',//url:'https://api.altmetric.com/v1/doi/10.1007/s13238-016-0264-7?callback=altmetric_callback',dataType:'jsonp'});}mag_rich_menu(jQuery);$(function(){ $('#autoMenu').autoMenu();})$("#autoMenu").niceScroll({cursorcolor: "#ccc", //滚动条的颜色cursoropacitymax: 0, //滚动条的透明度，从0-1 touchbehavior: false, //使光标拖动滚动像在台式电脑触摸设备 true滚动条拖动不可用 cursorwidth: "6px", //滚动条的宽度 单位默认px cursorborder: "0", // 游标边框css定义 cursorborderradius: "3px", //滚动条两头的圆角 autohidemode: true, //是否隐藏滚动条 true的时候默认不显示滚动条，当鼠标经过的时候显示滚动条 zindex: "auto", //给滚动条设置z-index值 railvalign:'defaul',railpadding: {top: 0,right: -6,left: 0,bottom: 0}, //滚动条的位置});window.autoMenuFlag=true;$("#relatedArticles").niceScroll({cursorcolor: "#ccc", //滚动条的颜色cursoropacitymax: 0, //滚动条的透明度，从0-1 touchbehavior: false, //使光标拖动滚动像在台式电脑触摸设备 true滚动条拖动不可用 cursorwidth: "6px", //滚动条的宽度 单位默认px cursorborder: "0", // 游标边框css定义 cursorborderradius: "3px", //滚动条两头的圆角 autohidemode: true, //是否隐藏滚动条 true的时候默认不显示滚动条，当鼠标经过的时候显示滚动条 zindex: "auto", //给滚动条设置z-index值 railvalign:'defaul',railpadding: {top: 0,right: -6,left: 0,bottom: 0}, //滚动条的位置});//公式序号 居右jQuery(".mag-xml-disp-formula").each(function() {var _this = jQuery(this);var _label= _this.children("label");if(typeof(_label.html())!="undefined"){_this.children("label").remove();_this.wrap("");_this.parent().parent().append(""+_label.html()+"");}});$('body').click(function(){$('.daochu_div').hide();$('.qipao').hide();})$('.qipao').click(function(event){event.stopPropagation();})/*参考文献显示隐藏*/$('.biaotijiantoush1').click(function(event){if($(this).attr('class')=='glyphicon glyphicon-triangle-top biaotijiantoush biaotijiantoush1'){$(this).parents('.mag_main_zhengwen_left_div_ckwx_table_benwenyiny').next('.mag_main_zhengwen_left_div_ckwx_table_ckwx_xiangqing').stop().slideUp();$(this).attr('class','glyphicon glyphicon-triangle-bottom biaotijiantoush biaotijiantoush1');}else if($(this).attr('class')=='glyphicon glyphicon-triangle-bottom biaotijiantoush biaotijiantoush1'){$(this).parents('.mag_main_zhengwen_left_div_ckwx_table_benwenyiny').next('.mag_main_zhengwen_left_div_ckwx_table_ckwx_xiangqing').stop().slideDown();$(this).attr('class','glyphicon glyphicon-triangle-top biaotijiantoush biaotijiantoush1');}event.stopPropagation();});//加载补充材料mag_ajax_update({ele_id:'showArticle_suppls',url:mag_currentQikanUrl() + '/CN/article/showArticleSuppls.do',data:{articleId:$("#articleId").val()}});//加载专题mag_ajax_update({ele_id:'showArticle_subjects',url:mag_currentQikanUrl() + '/CN/subject/showSubjectListByArticle.do',data:{articleId:$("#articleId").val(),forwardJsp:'showArticle'}});//渲染公式mag_mathJax();});function altmetric_callback(json){if(json && json.score){if(json.score - parseInt(json.score) > 0){$("#altmetric-score").html(parseInt(json.score)+1);}else{$("#altmetric-score").html(parseInt(json.score));}$(".main_content_center_right_duoweidu_div").css("width","25%");$("#altmetric-a").show();$("#altmetric-a").attr("href",json.details_url);}}function richClickAuthor(name){var searchSQL = "((("+mag_advSearchValReplace(name)+"[Author]) AND 2J[Journal]) AND year[Order])";mag_request({url:mag_currentQikanUrl() + '/CN/searchresult',data:{searchSQL:searchSQL}});}function richClickKeyword(keyword){var searchSQL = "((("+mag_advSearchValReplace(keyword)+"[Keyword]) AND 2J[Journal]) AND year[Order])";mag_request({url:mag_currentQikanUrl() + '/CN/searchresult',data:{searchSQL:searchSQL}});}function mag_share(){$("#bShare_more_a").click();}function loadRelatedArticles(){if($("#showRelatedArticles") && $("#showRelatedArticles").length>0){//加载过了}else{mag_loading();mag_ajax_update({ele_id:'relatedArticles-content',url:mag_currentQikanUrl() + '/CN/article/relatedArticle.do',data:{id:$("#articleId").val(), forwardJsp:'showArticle'},complete:function(){mag_layer_close();}});}}function showMetrics(){mag_window_location(mag_currentQikanUrl() + '/CN/metrics/'+$("#articleId").val());}function piaofuFn(a,fnId){var content=''+$("#mag-rich-fn-"+fnId).html()+'';piaofu(a,content);}function huoqukuanduimg(){//}function doDataJsonText(text){var str = text;//var _nlmdtdXml = $("#article_nlmdtdXml").val();//var magDir = _nlmdtdXml.replace(/\/[^\/]+$/,'');str = str.replace(/";ss += "";var shuomingTitle = "";var shuomingContent = '';if(fig.titleCn && fig.titleCn!=''){shuomingTitle = fig.titleCn;if(fig.titleContentCn && fig.titleContentCn!=''){shuomingContent += fig.titleContentCn;}}if(shuomingTitle==''){if(fig.titleEn && fig.titleEn!=''){shuomingTitle = fig.titleEn;}if(fig.titleContentEn && fig.titleContentEn!=''){shuomingContent += fig.titleContentEn;}}else{if(fig.titleEn && fig.titleEn!=''){shuomingContent += ""+fig.titleEn+"

来源：2021年第5期

《暨南学报(哲学社会科学版)》期刊编辑部

查看暨南学报(哲学社会科学版)杂志2021年第5期