暨南学报(哲学社会科学版)

作者：范忠信

单位：华侨大学法学院。

关键词：“仁刑”“顺天”,司法礼仪,司法正义,程序正义

基金：国家社会科学基金中国历史研究院重大历史问题研究专项重大招标项目“中华法系的历史溯源及当代价值”(23VLS021)。

作为“礼义之邦”暨“礼仪之邦”的传统中国,各级官府在司法中注重通过一定仪式性手续彰显国家的仁义和公平态度。在广义的司法活动中,那些长期“例行公事”地实施的、带有表演性甚至略有滑稽感的“行礼如仪”手续,常常并非查明案件事实、作出或执行判决所必需,仅仅是为了昭示“慎刑”“恤刑”“仁刑”“祥刑”“哀矜折狱”“顺天”“法天”“天人合一”等大义而已。这些手续,是传统中国司法礼仪的重要组成部分。本文拟从公堂以外司法活动中的“斋决”“覆奏”“时令司法”“辞决”“放赦”“祭城隍”“祭厉”等多种仪式性程序入手,对传统中国广义司法活动中的礼仪性程序进行简略梳理,试图阐释这些礼仪程序背后蕴含的传统公正、公平、公开、人道追求,阐释其背后体现的华夏民族司法正义观。"/>template{display:none;}.mag-rich-xref-fn { cursor: pointer;}//长视频$(document).ready(function(){if($("#showLongArticleVideo") && $("#showLongArticleVideo").length && $("#showLongArticleVideo").length>0){mag_ajax_update({ele_id:'showLongArticleVideo',url:mag_currentQikanUrl() + "/CN/article/showLongArticleVideo.do?id="+$("#articleId").val()});}});$(document).ready(function(){window.metaData = {"journal":{"issn":"1000-5072","qiKanMingCheng_CN":"暨南学报（哲学社会科学版）","id":2,"qiKanMingCheng_EN":"Jinan Journal"},"fundList_cn":["国家社会科学基金中国历史研究院重大历史问题研究专项重大招标项目“中华法系的历史溯源及当代价值”(23VLS021)。"],"article":{"keywordList_cn":["“仁刑”“顺天”","司法礼仪","司法正义","程序正义"],"juan":"47","zhaiyao_cn":"作为“礼义之邦”暨“礼仪之邦”的传统中国,各级官府在司法中注重通过一定仪式性手续彰显国家的仁义和公平态度。在广义的司法活动中,那些长期“例行公事”地实施的、带有表演性甚至略有滑稽感的“行礼如仪”手续,常常并非查明案件事实、作出或执行判决所必需,仅仅是为了昭示“慎刑”“恤刑”“仁刑”“祥刑”“哀矜折狱”“顺天”“法天”“天人合一”等大义而已。这些手续,是传统中国司法礼仪的重要组成部分。本文拟从公堂以外司法活动中的“斋决”“覆奏”“时令司法”“辞决”“放赦”“祭城隍”“祭厉”等多种仪式性程序入手,对传统中国广义司法活动中的礼仪性程序进行简略梳理,试图阐释这些礼仪程序背后蕴含的传统公正、公平、公开、人道追求,阐释其背后体现的华夏民族司法正义观。","endNoteUrl_en":"https://jnxb.jnu.edu.cn/skb/EN/article/getTxtFile.do?fileType=EndNote&id=7153","reference":"","bibtexUrl_cn":"https://jnxb.jnu.edu.cn/skb/CN/article/getTxtFile.do?fileType=BibTeX&id=7153","abstractUrl_en":"https://jnxb.jnu.edu.cn/skb/EN/10.11778/j.jnxb.20231423","qi":"1","id":7153,"nian":2025,"bianHao":"1742196814342-472239451","zuoZheEn_L":"FAN Zhongxin","juanUrl_en":"https://jnxb.jnu.edu.cn/skb/EN/Y2025","shouCiFaBuRiQi":"2025-03-17","qiShiYe":"25","qiUrl_cn":"https://jnxb.jnu.edu.cn/skb/CN/Y2025/V47/I1","lanMu_cn":"法制史","pdfSize":"968","zuoZhe_CN":"范忠信","risUrl_cn":"https://jnxb.jnu.edu.cn/skb/CN/article/getTxtFile.do?fileType=Ris&id=7153","title_cn":"“仁刑”“顺天”理念与传统中国司法礼仪","doi":"10.11778/j.jnxb.20231423","jieShuYe":"45","keywordList_en":["“merciful punishment” and “obedience to heaven(God)”","Judicial etiquette","Judicial justice","Procedural justice"],"endNoteUrl_cn":"https://jnxb.jnu.edu.cn/skb/CN/article/getTxtFile.do?fileType=EndNote&id=7153","zhaiyao_en":"This paper is a rough and comprehensive investigation and interpretation of the most common procedures and ceremonies in traditional Chinese judicial activities, which have more formal significance than substantive significance. This kind of procedure and ceremony is called judicial etiquette. Our interpretation will adopt the method of historical jurisprudence. We regard some customary and customary rituals that have long been practiced in traditional Chinese judicial activities, namely, judicial etiquette, as an important part of the national legal system and as the embodiment of national culture or national spirit. This paper intends to make a rough survey and summary of these ceremonial phenomena, and then make a preliminary analysis and interpretation of the national value concept or national spirit deliberately demonstrated by them.As a “state of rites and justice” and a “state of rites and ceremonies”, traditional China, from the court down to the government at all local levels, attaches great importance to demonstrate the country's benevolence and justice and fair attitude through certain ceremonial formalities or procedures in judicial activities. These ceremonial procedures are partly due to national legislation and partly due to the political habits of the past dynasties. In the broad judicial activity, those procedures that are carried out “routinely” for a long time, with a certain performative, even slightly funny sense, have a “ritual” nature. Those formalities are often not necessary for ascertaining the facts of the case, making or enforcing judgments, or they are not primarily intended to undertake such substantive tasks. It is mainly to show that the national judiciary is following the great righteousness of “careful punishment”, “pardon a punishment”, “merciful punishment”, “auspicious punishment”, “justice with pity”, “obey the way of heaven”, “follow the law of nature”, “harmony between human and nature”, and so on.This paper mainly starts with the various ceremonial procedures in ancient Chinese judicial activities, such as “trial after fast”, “the emperor approved the death penalty”, “seasonal justice”, “relatives bade farewell to prisoners on death row”, “amnesty ceremony”, “sacrifice to the city God” and “offer sacrifices to evil spirits”, and makes a brief review, summary, and interpretation of the ceremonial procedures in traditional Chinese judicial activities in a broad sense. In particular, it tries to analyze and explain the idea or spirit of following the way of heaven, following the natural law, reflecting love and humanity, and pursuing justice and fairness behind these ceremonial procedures, and explain the Chinese nation's view of judicial justice behind them.This paper finds that the concepts of “benevolence and punishment” and “obedience to heaven” embodied in the traditional judicial etiquette has both Confucian and Taoist influences. The soul of these judicial rites is summed up as “benevolence” and “Tao” most accurately. The “benevolence” means “merciful and humane”, and the “Tao” means “obey the way of heaven” and “communication god”. These judicial rites reflect the unity of Confucianism and Taoism. It is from the ultimate concept of “benevolence” that all the above-mentioned judicial concepts of benevolence and its externalization of judicial etiquette, as well as the procedures, rituals, and taboos of expressing “compassion”, are born. “Tao” lies in the way of seeking governance according to heaven. To follow the “Tao”, the ritual procedures that highlight the purpose of following heaven, dharma heaven, and God came into being.Although there is still a considerable distance from today's pursuit of democracy, rule of law, freedom, etc., those ceremonies and their pursuit of value, by highlighting the “benevolence” and “Tao”, explained the greatest commonality between the Chinese nation and the legal civilization of major ethnic groups in the field of vision.","bibtexUrl_en":"https://jnxb.jnu.edu.cn/skb/EN/article/getTxtFile.do?fileType=BibTeX&id=7153","abstractUrl_cn":"https://jnxb.jnu.edu.cn/skb/CN/10.11778/j.jnxb.20231423","zuoZheCn_L":"范忠信","juanUrl_cn":"https://jnxb.jnu.edu.cn/skb/CN/Y2025","lanMu_en":"","qiUrl_en":"https://jnxb.jnu.edu.cn/skb/EN/Y2025/V47/I1","zuoZhe_EN":"FAN Zhongxin","risUrl_en":"https://jnxb.jnu.edu.cn/skb/EN/article/getTxtFile.do?fileType=Ris&id=7153","title_en":"The Concept of Merciful Punishment and Obedience to Heaven (God) and Judicial Etiquette in Traditional China","hasPdf":"true"},"authorNotes_cn":["范忠信,华侨大学法学院。"]};if(window.metaData && (!window.metaData.authorNotesCommon_cn && !window.metaData.authorNotesCorresp_cn && window.metaData.authorNotes_cn)){window.metaData.authorNotesCommon_cn = window.metaData.authorNotes_cn;}if(window.metaData && (!window.metaData.authorNotesCommon_en && !window.metaData.authorNotesCorresp_en && window.metaData.authorNotes_en)){window.metaData.authorNotesCommon_en = window.metaData.authorNotes_en;}var _nlmdtdXml = $("#article_nlmdtdXml").val();var magDir = _nlmdtdXml.replace(/\/[^\/]+$/,'');window.metaData.magDir = magDir;new mag_vue({ el: '#metaVue', //dataUrl: mag_currentQikanUrl() + '/EN/article/getRichHtmlJson.do?articleId='+$("#articleId").val(), data:window.metaData, loading:true, doTextFun:function(text){ return doDataJsonText(text); 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